Tma Essay Example for Free

Tma EssayPeople, being naturally inquisitive, invite often been referred to as scientists. Even as young children, nation are constantly rivuleting and evaluating the boundaries to decipher their own affectionate environment and quickly recognise what is acceptable and what is not. This soon evolves into intuition and whether it is constructed in a licit and rational way depends on a tally factors. However, when considering cognitive psychology and the information processing that underpins judgements and risks, slews cognitive processes are often likened to computers in the way that these processes interact. This rout outvass begins by looking at Fritz Heider (1944, as cited in Buchanan et al. , p. 60) an influential psychologist in this area who coined the phrase naive psychology. It then progresses onto the advantages and disadvantages of the attri furtherion theories using Kelleys covariation method acting and MacArthurs vignettes to test the conjecture. This is foll owed by looking into optimistic bias and whether this bias can prevent passel from constructing rational and logical theories when making sense of their social environment.Finally, the essay evaluates the human immunodeficiency virus/AIDs and smoking progression and how battalion can conceptualise risk, resulting in laying blame elsewhere other than in their social group. Heider was one of the offset psychologists to study in detail social cognition. He believed that delving into how people made sense of their social environments was fundamental in understanding social behaviours, he believed people actively built models of cause and effect to find predictability and regularity which would help control their lives, operating like naive psychologists.Heider also believed people used this method when people perceive others and their actions. He constructed a study using animated cartoons of moving shapes consisting of a circle, a box and a rectangle. When asked to describe what the y saw, all but one of the participants described the shapes movement in terms of human action. The fact that these people were perceiving these shapes automatically to be people goes some way to provide championship for Heiders theory and prove that people are certainly trying to make sense of their social environment.However this, albeit simple use of experimental social psychology, has a few limitations. As this was a simplified experiment and disimilar to what would happen in a real social environment, Heider was not able to prove that the results would be the equal outside in real life. In fact, often results obtained outside of the laboratory conclude opposite results to that of the laboratory. There is also a possibility that the participants, upon hearing that they would be at die harding a psychological experiment, subconciously associated psychology with people or themselves and their answers reflected this.In an experimental condition there will eternally be confounding variables no matter what measures are taken to eliminate them, it is certainly difficult to take question on perception and attention out of everyday life and into a controlled experiment. In a social environment because people are not manufacturing social situations, people see them as they are, this could put them in good status to construct rational and logical theories on their environment. What Heiders theory lacks is specific procedures and data. Harold Kelley (1967, as cited in Buchanan et al. , p. 2) who developed the covariation model, used testable predictions and data in his attribution theory. The attribution theories hint people distinguish between external/disposition factors and internal/disposition factors to recognise the causes of social behaviour. Kelley proposed that when people use information in causal argueing, one-third variables are decided upon, distinctiveness, consensus and consistency, this was known as the covariation model. He supported the belie f that people behave like intuitive scientists. MacArthur (1972, as cited in Buchanan et al. , p. 4) tested this theory in her studies, she wanted to test the effect of different types and level of information on the nature of causal attributions. She used 16 vignettes, a short exposition of a behaviour event that contained different types of the three variables, CCD. They then assigned an internal or external cause to the event. The results were supportive of MacArthurs theory and imply that we tend to favour internal rather than external attributions, the FAE (fundamental attribution error). However, it has been proven that people do not use always use all the information available to them.This shows that the way people view risk is not particularly logical, people overlook risk and when comparing people to experts, people do not usually conceptualise risks as well as experts Vignettes are easy to use and provide much needed data and from a large number of participants which is l ikely to produce more accurate results. The kind of control applied in this study would not have been able to take stake if it took place in real life. However they do have low ecological validity because of this very reason, it is still constructed.Attribution theories have also been criticised for overstating the rationality of peoples causal reasoning. When considering the idea of people as intuitive scientists it is important to understand that people can tend to be more optimistic about risk than statistics warrant. This results in optimistic bias. For example, irrespective of empirical evidence, some people think smoking wont harm them. Some people know that they are likely to beat ill from it and still continue because the immediate gain overcomes any alternative, albeit potentially deadly.This may be as a result of a motivational root which can result in judgemental biases. There are several(prenominal) explanations for this optimistic bias. The availability heuristic, wh ich involves making decisions based on generating examples in peoples cognitive system, mayhap soulfulness they know who has smoked constantly for 60 years has other any side effects. These are good examples to use when deciphering whether people are intuitive scientists and can make rational and logical judgements because the risk of smoking can be estimated using mathematics.The amount of people that still smoke however is a unwavering argument that people may be intuitive scientists but the concept of making rational, logical decisions can still be lost if alternative factors foil in the way, like smoking or HIV. When people have to make decisions quickly, they often unconsciously rely on incomplete information as a result of the environment in which the social cognition takes place, rather than just the basic cognitive processes, this could account for people rejecting the possibility of HIV leading to death, perhaps because the information they have in incomplete.The fact th at people have survived despite this however goes some way to suggest that although peoples cognitive processes do not always lead them to the mathematically correct answer, perhaps that element of risk, optimistic bias and inquisitiveness has prolonged peoples evolution so far.The studies involving optimistic bias and indeed more studies involving how people conceptualise risk however, have been conducted in generally Western cultures and having found previous contradictions between studies in Western cultures, (which tend to focus largely on the individual rather than the social group, as is more popular in many Asian cultures), these theories may not apply to the majority of people and therefore more research entailing diverse cultures would build a more successful conclusion as to why optimistic bias occurs.One reason could be evolution, natural selection could have resulted in humans having evolved with optimistic bias meaning that the people who took the risks were more sexu ally successful. Another reason for this could that in the urgency of everyday life, people do not use all the information available. One could argue that as we do not process everything we see, we splice the dots based on our rational judgement. The people in many of these experiments drew from their own conclusions and upon their own schema which could be wrong.This kind of error highlights one of the disadvantages of people drawing from their own logical and rational theories. Although it is important to note that the above examples are experiments and the situations are unlikely to occur in everyday life, however research has also shown our schema is highly tuned and usually correct. Both cognitive psychology and experimental social psychology initiate ideas of people thinking in cable car ways, operating like scientists but the studies have shown otherwise. Perhaps logical and rational ideas are ideologies and are not appropriate in the context of our own social environments. People, in general tend to perceive events as being more under their own control than they perhaps are, it is clear from these studies that people can sometimes become more optimistic when is comes to risks when comparing the true scientific statistics. From the research into varying theories it appears that the majority of people are intuitive scientists, that to a certain utmost people do use logical and rational theories to make sense of their social environment, however these are not always successful. As the evidence of several theories suggests, intuition in people is not always correct.Mistakes are bound to be made, especially when motivation factors overcomes logic and experience and imagination interferes with the process. If people have survived thus far using their own rational and logical judgements than anything further may be seen as striving for improvement, where one could argue, it is unnecessary. Word count 1,503 References K. Buchanan, P. Anand, H. Joffe K. dou bting Thomas (2007) Perceiving and understanding the social world. In D. Miell, A. Phoenix, K. Thomas (Eds. ), Mapping Psychology (2nd ed. , pp. 5-49). Milton Keynes The Open University

American Dream Theme Essay Example for Free

American Dream Theme EssayThe portrayal of the American Dream in literature has evolved as the United States has real and prospered. In the beginning, the initial settlers in the Americas were searching for simple things, such as new opportunities and freedom of religion. As the country grew more populous, competition for triumph was heightened. more people have different ideas on what the American Dream means to them. Over the years, American authors have used the theme of the American Dream to appoint their perspectives on society. Starting with Mark Twains Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the depiction of this theme has evolved with society throughout the years. This novel was set in the years that slavery was prevalent, which make the relationship between a young boy and a runaway slave very difficult. They crave to have no restraints and constrictions and strive to escape the absolute society that they live in. In his book, Twains idea of the American Dream is depicted as a celebration of freedom, non only from bodily structure and rules, but from the prejudices ofSouthern society in the age of slavery(The American Dream 2). The two boys struggle to reach freedom and happiness in concert throughout the entire book. The main character in The Great Gatsby also struggles for happiness throughout his conduct in Scott Fitzgeralds novel. After losing his uncoiled wonder and BURTON 2 discovering that she has been married to another man, he uses his riches and high society lifestyle to win her back over. He strives for money and fortune, but finds no true happiness in his successes.One article had a wonderfulexplanation of the American dream presented in this novel Through the character of Gatsby, Fitzgerald eventually shows that, temporary hookup the rags-to-riches American Dream seems fantastic and wonderful, it is in reality shallow, as well as devoid of true joy and love (The American Dream 3). However, not all quests for success can end favorably for everyone. This fact is depicted well in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman. After a lifetime of failures, Willy Loman learns the hard way that success in society is noteverything in life family and love for one another is what is most important.He seems to localize more on being well liked by the buyers and other people that he visits instead of actually selling his products. Near the end, he voices his thwarting frequently about how there is no relationship and personality in the selling business anymore. In his article, Bradford states that Willy believes that personality, not hard work and innovation, is the key to success (Bradford 3).Miller proves this to be false when, in the play, Willy attempts to use his charismato get a raise from his boss, but the conversation eventually ends in him being laid-off altogether. He goes on to blame numerous other reasons for his being let go from the company, but never recognizes his own fault.The American Dream started off as a simp le desire for freedom to express oneself and live equally with each other. This was expressed in the 1884 novel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. These hopes and dreams turned more BURTON 3 materialistic by the 1920s when Gatsby believed that he could somehow win over his one true love with his fame and riches.He worked hard to earn his success, but without friends and loved ones to share your life with, he realized that success does not bring true happiness. This theme changed once again, though, when the Loman family was introduced in 1949. In Arthur Millers play, Willy Loman acted as if he shouldnt have to work for success and riches. He seemed to believe that everything should be handed to him, instead of earned. The American Dream theme has never failed to keep up with supercharge in American society.Many authors and playwrights incorporated this theme intotheir works in order to make the stories relatable to readers at their times. While peoples aspirations started out more mo ral, people began to croak greedy in their desires. This led to their dreams becoming more complicated.The definition of success and means of achieving happiness have changed as American culture has transformed. BURTON 4 plant Cited The American Dream in Literature. Examiner. com. Clarity Digital Group LCC, 15 Sept. 2011. Web. 09 Sept. 2013. Bradford, Wade. The American Dream in Death of a Salesman About. com Plays / Drama. N. p. , 2013. Web. 09 Sept. 2013.

Funding for Arts Council in Ireland

Funding for impostures Council in IrelandOskar van der Grijn The hackers guide to arts council supportAbstractThis research paper entrust submit a thorough account of the divergent financial comp adeptnts comprising of the liberal contrivances council of Ireland. An investigation go away be held into how the fine arts council of Ireland is specifically funded and by what elbow room it financially allocates to the arts itself. In addition, a positivirtuosod analysis of how the arts council manages its finance will be conducted, both in relation to its decisiveness-making processes and also in relation to how exchange in hand be directed internally deep down the government activity. The research methodology of this paper will comprise of primary research in the kind of an interview with ultimo board member Jane Dillon Byrne which will run throughout the paper strengthening my research as well as secondary research in the constellation of collated broadsheet public ations, the councils website and its annual financial statement report from 2016. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive account as to how all finance is administered chthonic the arts councils control and to in pass water proximo appli bumts of the councils practises and procedures for applications in 2017.IntroductionThe Arts council of Ireland was first established in 1951 by the Irish government in mark to encourage interest in Irish Art. In doing so it recognised that the arts have a central and distinctive contribution to make to Irelands evolving society. The primary goals of the organisation argon to stimulate public interest in and to promote the knowledge, appreciation and practise of the arts. A vast range of practises such(prenominal) as ocular art, music, performance, dance, film and literature as well as many opposites such as the recent inclusions of Circus and Architecture be all included in the organisations mission and strategy e real year and all are largely funded.In order to successfully meet and finance their targets the Arts council established a voluntary body of 12 members and a chair that is appointed by the minister for Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht for a term of five years. In addition, a ply of 41 full-time professionals carry out the daily functions of the organisation and these several(prenominal)s provide expertise and strategic advice on different aspects of the arts. (village magazine, 2016) The nature of this occurrence organisation is a company limited by guarantee, which means the council is not funded through share capital or shareholders. In order for for apiece one department of the arts organisation to run sufficiently it is funded by the Irish Exchequer as well as substantial income being received from the national lottery and additional sources such as disclosed trust funds which contribute to the councils annual budget.These large sums are annually allocated across the different creativ e sectors in the form of bursaries, grants, art schemes and development programmes in order to promote the development of Irish art. Arts council funding is also allocated abroad under specific programmes such as an Aosdanna in order to promote Ireland in both a traditional and contemporary manner over seas.Having revised the financial schemes and directives of this organisation through secondary research, combine with a thorough understanding of the internal mechanics obtained through an interview with Jane Dillon Byrne, I will conclude with a comprehensive evaluation of the organisations financial body structure outlining all key areas of concern.1. Funding schemes to the ArtsThe council supports a vast range of schemes and programmes across a widely diverse arts sector. In order to screen each and every segment of funding for 2017 the council has divided its allocations into three different sectors and five funding amounts. Jane Dillon Byrne state thatThis gives significant cl arity to the enormous span of financial appropriation and provides a means of adequate accessibility to those who wish to make grant applications within their respected empyrean for 2017 This section of the research paper will outline, using examples, a clear indication of some of the different areas in which funding is allocated in the form of schemes and programmes. The schemes/programmes are broken into three categories these include (1) Art form, (2) bobble Art form practisesand (3) strategical developments. The strategic development programme is a significant plan that comprises many elements including the funding of both previously stated art forms and cross art form practises, this plan is devised as part of the councils new 10 year strategy and will be assessed in detail in the later part of this section. In addition to these categories are the financial subcategories that are honored to successful recipients these are broken down into five funding allocations as seen be low1 20,00020,000 30,000,30,000 50,000,50,000 100,000100,000 +An awarded recipient(s) receives funding in the combined form of one of the three introductory categories and one adjoining subcategory sum. Examples are as follows1(a) = (1) Art form (a) Subcategory 15,000. 2(b) (2) Cross art form practises (b) Subcategory 20,000. 3(c) (3) Strategic Developments (c) Subcategory 450,000Applications are made to the arts council via its website where a body of panellists designate to each particular category make a collective termination meet the award or refusal of financial aid. If approved, the panel assigned to that particular art form also dictate the amount awarded to each individual(s) within that categories specific budget for that calendar year. More in pution relating to the panellist, decision-making and budgeting process can be found in the management of funding section of this paper.The funding pool for specific awards varies in amounts from year to year as does t he annual budget produced by the government along with other means of income such as trust funds and third party contributions from the national lottery. The larger the amount of funding the council receives each year the to a greater extent types of awards it can then sanction.Likewise, with cut backs, where arts funding is reduced, so are the amount of awards available. 2016s budget amounted to 60.1M (Mackin, 2016) Evidence of the annual rise and fall in funding can be made with conceive to an online statement made by the council in 2015. For the first time in six years, the Arts Councils own Exchequer grant was maintained at 2014 levels (56.668 million), and, anticipating future increases in coronation, the Council was mindful in its allocations to help position the arts to benefit from, and play a full part in, the national recovery (www.artscouncil.ie, 2015)2. Categories (a) Art formThe art form category is the close to expansive category and covers a range of practises suc h as Visual art, Circus, Opera, Street and performance, Traditional, Theatre, Music, Film, Architecture, Literature and Dance. Within each of the practises are numerous awards, bursaries and grants. The many variations of awarded grants cannot all be listed within this concise paper. However, what is apparent are the large number of applications which are completed every year. As a result, the awarding system is broken down into make out 1 and Round 2.Below are examples of specific art form grant recipients for 2016, which are identified as bursaries, both in the form of Visual Arts and Dance.(www.artscouncil.ie, 2016)The purpose of the bursary award is to support professional operatives to develop their art practice. It provides artists with the time and resources to think, research, invent and critically engage with their art. The maximum amount awarded is 15,000. Having thoroughly analysed all the granted bursary awards for 2016 from the arts councils website, I have collated the amount awarded to each recipient of each art form and used their data to develop a chart representing the distribution margins. See below for 2016s round 1 and round 2 distributions.Round 1.Round 2.The most evident representation of these graphs lead to the heavy luck in favour of the visual arts. The combined % of both round bursary allocations amounts to just shy of 43% of the overall 2016 bursary budget.(280,392+204,750)/(739,353+397,005) x100= 42.6%In addition, the % of the total bursary allocations for 2016 as a % of 2016s entire budget of 59.1 million was just shy of 2%.(739,353+397,005)/59,100,100100=1.92%(b) Cross Art form PractisesThe Cross Art form practises are the second category of funding provided. It entails a more complex awarding system when contrasted to the individual artists bursary award and usually grants high sums due to the larger size of organisations involved. The areas recognised within this funding initiative are Venues, Touring, Local arts, Festiva ls and events, Arts Participation and Young people, children and education. This funding can be employ for under Group, individual, topical anesthetic authority or organisation type.The festival and events scheme is an example of a cross art form practise award with a maximum sum of 20,000, it can only be applied for under an organisation application type. This means that the application type may be collaborative or singular but must be made in the name of the organisation at hand. An interesting financial factor surrounding this application type, which also applies to other categories within the art form practises category, are the two awarded strands of funding available.Strand 1 funding amounts to 10,000 and strand 2 amounts to 20,000. pickax of the correct strand during applications must be adhered to an excerpt, 1.6, taken from the second strand application form can be seen below these strands also hold back to other schemes under the same guidelines across the cross art f orm practises category. The strands can be defined as followsFestivals previously funded by the Arts Council under this shunning up to 10,000 in their hold water funding offered must apply to Strand 1. Festivals previously funded by the Arts Council under this Scheme between 10,001 and 20,000 must apply to Strand 2.(www.artscouncil.ie, 2017)Section 1.6 of Strand application 2This guideline of financial stranding is to help the council articulate who has been already funded previously and by what amount. This provides clarity not only financially but also provides an even playing field for emerging festivals who are easily overshadoweed by successful applicants from previous years. See examples of 2016 succesful reciepts and amounts awarded below(www.artscouncil.ie, 2017)(c) Strategic DevelopmentThe strategic development plan is a much broader funding scheme and runs in accordance with the arts councils new strategy first depict in September 2015. The published strategy is called Making Great Art Work Leading the development of the arts in Ireland (2016-2025) Jane Dillon Byrne stated thatThe strategy prioritises the artist and public engagement, and looks to develop the conditions, infrastructure and environment to enable artists and organisations to make great work and to encourage people to access and participate in that work. (Dillon-Byrne, 2017)The main elements of the councils investment of 60.1m for 2016 are as follows32m to 195 arts organisations.1.4m in Touring180k in a new Emerging Artist Bursary Scheme1.72m in regular funding to local governance350,000 to establish a new local authority partnership scheme316,000 Ealain na Gaeltachta5.2m to Venues in every county throughout the soil2.6m awarded to festivals2.24m awarded to literature organisations4m to visual arts with 500,000 specifically assigned for bursaries6m awarded to Theatre1m to support multi-disciplinary projectsBelow are two tables I have conducted which represent 2016s data levels of expenditure. Table 1 represents the overall nice fields and table 2 represents the individual organisations.Table 1.Arts organisations accounted for over half of 2016s total budget at 54.1% 32/59.1100=54.1%Table 2.In addition, regarding the most prolific individual organisations, the council have largely kept their funding similar if not the same to 2015s budget. The Druid Theatre Company saw its grant maintained at 762,000, as did the Opera Theatre Company with 680,000, Music Network at 515,000 and Rough Magic at 480,000. The Project Arts Centre was given a small rise as it celebrates its 50th year, its funding was increased by 26,250 to 675,250. (Mackin, 2016).3. Tax liberty and supplicationsOne of the most important advances, and one which undoubtedly receives care in this paper, is how the artist taxation exemption is currently being recaped, and how it will continue to be reviewed in the future.Charles Haughey brought the guidelines for the artists exemption into place in 1973 to support local talent and to attract artists to settle in Ireland. They exempt artists from paying tax on the proceeds of original whole kit and caboodle. Likewise, all awards given in aid of esthetical development from the council, similar to that of earnings, are also tax-free. Having conducted much research into the field of artist taxation some interesting findings have come to surface, the tax exemption may well be in line for future tweaking. The Irish Times states in a publication late last year that In 2011, a cap of 40,000 was placed on the amount of artists income exempt from tax every year. This was increased to 50,000 from January 1st, 2015 and it is described in the report as a more targeted scheme, aimed at supporting artists on low incomes. (Hancock, 2016)Jane Dillon Byrne added The legislation allows the Revenue Commissioners to make determinations in respect of a range of delicious works, including a book or other writing, a play, a musical composition, a painting or a sculpture. It must be noted that the intervention of revenue in the artistic decision making process is a sensitive matter for the arts council (Dillon-Byrne, 2017)Further reading regarding this can be found in theappeals section under this extending. development published by the Irish Times, stated that in 2014, which is the most recent year for which data is currently available regarding artist taxation, states that 2,640 artists availed of the exemption at a cost of 5.8 million to the exchequer. Thats an average of just under 2,200 each (Hancock, 2016)A review was undertaken for last years budget, with a recommendation from the Department of Finance to review the scheme, with a view to possibly introducing income averaging for artists. The budget document stated it recognises where the profit level is increasing, and that income averaging would reduce the amount of tax to be paid and improve cash flow in the short term, similar to that of farmers, who utilise fr om a current system, under the common agricultural policy (CAP).Having personally assessed the value of such a change I would have to argue as to what would happen if profit levels reduce and tax liability is increased when compared with the actual liability for that year alone. How will artists respond to this, as well as being thrown into the same pen as farmers. (Hancock, 2016)AppealsArts council applicants can appeal against a funding decision on the basis of unfair application, alleged infringement or a deviation from the councils published procedures. Like all financial processes there is an application format that must be adhered to. Firstly applicants must show that they have reasons to believe that their application was dealt in an incompatible manner. Secondly the applicant must contact the head of the team or service dealt with previously.In the case of a second financial rejection, the applicant has an additional opportunity to appeal the decision this must be made dire ctly to the director of the arts council.Having spoken with Jane she made it apparent that in the chivalric there has been controversy surrounding the appeals decisions and processes, particularly in the field of literature where taxation, or tax evasion has come into question. Disputes between revenue and the arts council, where the arts council has argued that the latter has undermined its role in the artistic assessment of works has come to surface in recent years.New correspondence released under the Freedom of Information Act has revealed the level of exasperation within the Arts Council astir(predicate) both the number and type of non-fiction books that are granted the artists exemption. The revenue commissioners guidelines state that non-fiction books should be considered if they are on an artistic or cultural theme such as a biography or autobiography of a writer or painter. (See section 195 of taxes consolidation act in appendices) However a past publication from the Iris h times states that Sportspeople including Irish rugby out-half Ronan OGara, Kilkenny manager Brian Cody, GAA manager Mick ODwyer and pundit George Hook have also received the exemption, though the Arts Council does not believe sports books should qualify (www.irishtimes.com, 2013)In addition, the arts council advises the revenue commissioners on whether a book should be eligible. It claims to provide expert advice in the event of an appeal by an author, yet during my research I came across an additional excerpt from the Irish times which puts the credibility of its assessment further into question Between 2004 and last year there were 46 appeals by writers who were judged to be ineligible for the tax exemption by the Arts Council and the majority (56 per cent) succeeded in their appeals (www.irishtimes.com, 2013)From this guideline, I would advise anyone who has applied in the literacy category and who has been refused in 2017 to appeal their decision. You have a 56% chance that you will be awarded your desired funding. In addition, literature is the second highest percentage bursary allocation. If we refer to my graphs in the art form section we can come to the conclusion that literature makes up (172,550+43,420)/(739,353+397,005) x100=18.9% of 2016s Bursary award.5. ConclusionHaving researched this topic thoroughly some very interesting conclusions can be drawn. First and foremost the annual budget presented by the department of Arts, Heritage and Culture is the deciding factor regarding allocation amounts to the different sectors of the arts. This budget rises and falls every year. A huge emphasis today is put on the strategic development plan titled creating good artistic creation (2016-2025).This plan holds the councils best interest at heart and this can be seen in its allocations last year of over 31 million to organisations across the country totalling 54.1% of the overall budget. In addition the artists bursary is still a huge element of the counc ils funding and decision making process with 1.9% being allocated across the arts to individual artists. This is a significant sum considering the diversity of the councils awarding system. Visual arts still remains the primary area of funding regarding the bursary amounting to 42.6% with literature coming in as the second most popular at 18.9%.What are also very interesting are the examples of controversy surrounding revenues relationship with the arts council. When one considers the arts council they are led to believe that it is an organisation who are fully committed and effectively competent in performing their duties, and for the most part they are just that, however in the past instances such as Bertie Aherns tax exempt biography as well as many others show that there still can be elements of political will creeping through what appears to be a well run organisation.As long as the artists tax exemption exists under section 195 of the taxes consolidation act, I believe there w ill always be a clash of interest between the exchequer amounting pressure on the council and the council defending its position as the governing body for the arts.Appendices1. Taxes consolidation act 1997 for the Artists Exemption Scheme.(www.revenue.ie, 1997)2. Management of fundingHaving spoken to Jane Dillon Byrne, and in particular about her position as a past board member for the arts council from 2002-2007 I gained a valuable insight into how the management delegates funding within the organisation. The annual report gives evidence to where exactly past funding has been allocated, however, it does not give an account of the decision making process and the individuals involved who are trusty for the funding reaching its final destination.Jane described the organisational structure of the company and used this as a template to further expand on the financial decision making elements of the organisation. Similar to most businesses there is a director of the organisation, the di rector divides the council into a number of committees and each committee appoints an arts officer, 11 in total, one for each art form. There is an additional officer, the finance officer, who takes into consideration the expertise of the other 11 officers and essentially pushes the red button when the final financial decisions are made.Within these committees panellists are chosen for each art category and art form, there can be any number of panellists for each art form, which can include invited guests, however there generally is around 5 panellists. Jane went on to describe how the funding is then decided amongst the organisational structure. The annual budget which has been assigned by the department of Arts, Heritage and Culture is presented to the board, the board members along side the 11 arts officers, the finance officer and the director decide the sector allocations. From this point the panellists assigned to each art form then decide on the individual artist/organisation allocations. (Dillon-Byrne, 2017)In addition, Jane continued to talk about how the council currently employs 41 full time staff who are all paid via the exchequer. I went on to ask Jane were the board members, the arts officers and the director paid, Jane stated thatBoard members are not on salaries, however they do receive perks such as transport, accommodation, lunch, dinner, drinks and so forth, essentially board members are well looked after surrounding the dates that they are working within and for the council. The director however does receive a complementary fee of in around 5,000-10,000 euros depending on the year (Dillon-Byrne, 2017)3. Payment templatesOne of the conditions of being a successful applicant to council awards such as bursary awards, commissions awards and project awards is that the recipients must report on their award and supply receipts and other financial information regarding their expenditure to the council.If we take for example the artists bursary awar d, a recipient will receive two documents along with their letter of offer, which clearly outlines a payment guide and the harm and conditions of the arts councils funding.This process ensures that the council is fully up to date with how the artist manages their financial award and prevents misconduct on the behalf of the artist where the may use the finance for means not related to their work.The appendices section of this paper provides an example of an income and expenditure report. Similarities can be drawn between this income and expenditure form to the profit and loss vestibular sense sheets our class as arts management students have worked with over the last 4 years on excel.3. Income and expenditure reportDillon-Byrne, J. (2017, February 19th). Arts council funding. (O. v. Grijn, Interviewer) Dublin, Leinster, Ireland.Hancock, C. (2016, October 13th). www.irishtimes.com. Retrieved February 27th, 2017, from www.irishtimes.com http//www.irishtimes.com/business/budget-2017/a rtists-tax-exemption-may-be-in-line-for-a-future-tweaking-1.2828887Mackin, L. (2016, January 4th). www.irishtimes.com. (The Irish Times) Retrieved February 27th, 2017, from www.irishtimes.com http//www.irishtimes.com/culture/art-council-announces-spending-for-2016-1.2484751village magazine. (2016, December). www.villagemagazine.ie. Retrieved February 15th, 2017, from www.villagemagazine.ie https//villagemagazine.ie/index.php/2015/03/our-top-heavy-arts-council/www.artscouncil.com. (2016, January 04th). Retrieved February 27th, 2017, from www.artscouncil.com http//www.artscouncil.ie/News/Arts-Council-announces-its-investment-strategy-for-2016-to-develop-the-arts-across-Ireland/www.artscouncil.ie. (2015, January 8th). www.artscouncil.ie. Retrieved February 25th, 2017, from www.artscouncil.ie http//www.artscouncil.ie/news-details.aspx?id=15994www.artscouncil.ie. (2016, December 11th). www.artscouncil.ie. Retrieved February 23rd, 2017, from www.artscouncil.ie http//www.artscouncil.ie/fun ding-decisions/www.artscouncil.ie. (2016, December 19th). www.artscouncil.ie. Retrieved March 2nd, 2017, from www.artscouncil.ie http//www.artscouncil.ie/Funds/festivals-and-events-scheme/www.artscouncil.ie. (2017, January 9th). www.artscouncil.ie. Retrieved February 26th, 2017, from www.artscouncil.ie http//www.artscouncil.ie/Funds/festivals-and-events-scheme/www.irishtimes.com. (2013, January 3rd). www.irishtimes.com. Retrieved February 26th, 2017, from www.irishtimes.com http//www.irishtimes.com/news/revenue-brought-to-book-on-exemption-scheme-1.953528

Muhammad Ali: A Biography

Muhammad Ali A BiographyHard work and persistence are the sorcerous words that lead to success and fame. A rattling honest example is Mohamed Ali carcass. His name was Cassius before being a Muslim. Muhammad Ali built himself by himself until he became the or so famous and richest boxer in the entire world.In 1940s, in Louisville, African Americans were separated from Whites. Black multitude were only permitted to sit in back rows of scene theatres and buses. Moreover, black children were separated from white children and they could not go to school together. Moreover, some of the restaurants would not allow blacks in. This system was called segregation. Louisville had two African American neighborhoods, east set aside (the California area), and west end (where the Clays lived). The clays were very poor. Their car was ten years old, their house forever needed painting, the porch sagged, and whenever it rained, water entered the house from the roof. Cassius Marcellus, who w as born on the seventeenth of January 1942, and Rudy his brother, were sharing the same pants and the same shirts. After a while, the Clays gave them a untried shirt and new pants. Odessa Clay their mother, used to work at houses when her sons were young, and make four dollars a day. She was very religious. Every Sunday she attended with her two sons Mount Zion Baptist church, where Cassius used to sing in the choir. Odessa taught Cassius to treat people kindly (Muhammed Ali, by Arlene Schhulmain, published 2005).In 1954, when Cassius was twelve, his father bought him a new bicycle for Christmas. A new bicycle was an enormous minuteg for them, because they were a poor family. One day, Cassius went to a show with his friend on his new bicycle. After the show was over, Cassius could not find his bike and he went to a police officer, who tried to help him provided could not. ulterior on, Cassius found the thief and he hit him and then(prenominal) went to the officer and told him that he found the thief and he had beaten him up. That day was the birth of the sense datum The police officer took him to a place for boxing, where he could learn boxing and told him If you want to learn how to hit, learn boxing. Joe Martin, who was a boxing coach, helped him to join his club ((Muhammed Ali, by Arlene Schhulmain, published 2005). One day Cassius saw his coach on a television show called Tomorrows Champions. When Cassius saw this show, he went to Joes gym and started to learn boxing. Cassius was very thin and weighed only eighty nine pounds. He did not have muscles, however he learned quickly because he had fast punches and fast feet and this was considered very good for a beginner. After six months of training at Martins gym, Martin finally told him that he would appear on the television show and he would scramble a boy for a round for two minutes. When Cassius went, he won the control and it was the first success for him. Cassius was now on the way to becoming a champion. When he went home, he would hit the bullies who picked on him and his family, until they ran home with bloody noses. The people in the neighborhood called him the king. In 1995, Cassius was going to Duvalle High School to travel for competitions and learn more boxing. By 1960, he won six Kentucky Golden Gloves championships and two National Amateur Athletic Union (AAL) titles. At the time when Cassius was eighteen, he earned one cytosine out of one hundred and eight Amateur Championships (The greatest Muhammed Ali, by Walter Dean Myers, published 1996).Cassius then started to think about making a name for himself. He was thinking of becoming a pro player, but Martin convinced him to continue and attend the Olympics in order to become a pro player. In 1960, he won his first Olympics. This was in Rome and all people would shake hands with him. He felt very happy signing autographs for his fans. When Cassius went to Louisville, people were waiting for him and cheered for him, but in the United States he still didnt have all his rights. Cassius immovable to turn pro and he went to find a sponsor. He chose the Louisville concourse, which was trying to find him a coach to teach him how to box like a professional. Cassius goals were to buy a new house for his parents and buy a new Cadillac for himself. He found a coach called Dundee, who trained him very well. After that, Cassius moved to Miami, Florida were Dundee trained his fighters. He lived in a small room with soiled windows and unpainted walls. In 1960, he had the first pro match with Tunney Hunsaker. Everyone knew that Clay would win the match, and he really did win and received two thousand dollars (The Greatest Muhammed Ali, by Walter Dean Myers, published 1996).Cassius was the first one to enter the gym and the last one to leave. Many reporters and newspapers liked him for his funny jokes and his interesting quotes. In 1962, Clay faced a big challenge. There was a popular pro player, whose name was Archie Moore and who was forty nine years old. Clay was only twenty years old then. They played a match that ended for Clays victory. He became more popular and all pro fighters were curious to fight him. In 1963, Clay was to fight Doug Jones, and that match ended also for Clays victory but he won it in ten rounds Clay had the biggest match of all held on 1964. He fought a champion who was 220 pounds of muscles His name was Sonny Liston. Before entering the match, Clay was scared to death and doctors expected him to give up in the match. When he entered, he preformed very well in that he cut Liston, and it was the first time for Liston to be cut in a match. Liston had to take a medication to continue the match and the medication ended up on his gloves, so when Liston punched Clay in the face, Clay couldnt see because it was hurtinzg him so much. He washed his face with water and then continued the match and won. This made Clay more famous (www.answers.com/topic/muhammad_ali _boxer) and (The greatest Muhammed Ali, by Arlene Schulman, published 2005).At that time, Clay was attending the Nation of Islam group meetings secretly. He didnt want anyone to know because he could be sent out of boxing. After the match with Liston, he announced that he is a Muslim and he changed his name to Muhammed Ali. After that, he began to address the members of the Islam group and gave speeches for them.In 1964, Ali espouse Sonj Roi , who refused to wear Muslim dress, smoked cigarettes and went to nightclubs. He soon divorced her, and then married in 1967 a Muslim woman called Belinda. Ten years later Maryum Ali was born. In 1972, Ali opened a training camp at Deer Lake. Later in 1978, he went to the great fight with Leon Spinks, who won against Ali. After that, Ali demanded a re-match, trained for it and won. In 1979, Ali had two more girls named Laila and Hana. Ali was very proud of them (www.novaonline.nvc.edu/eli/evans/his135/events/ali98.htm).One day, Ali decided to r etire, but this did not last long because he loved boxing. He came back to the ring stronger than ever. Unfortunately, after some time, he was beaten up by Larry Holmes, who erased Alis hopes of coming back to boxing. From that day, he insisted on retiring and became a very good coach, who trained children. You hear a lot now about his daughter, Laila Ali, who is undermentioned in her fathers footsteps (www.novaonline.nvc.edu/eli/evans/his135/events/ali98.htm).Obviously, Muhammed Ali Clays life story is very inspirational. It shows how ambition and hard work would take one to new worlds worlds of success, wealth, achievement and fame. His strength, tolerance and persistence will always be a guide for many.

Effectiveness of Garlic Cloves on Reducing Blood Pressure

Effectiveness of Garlic Cloves on Reducing Blood PressureSUMMARY OF THE STUDYThe purpose of this film was to evaluate the effectiveness of garlic cloves on reducing agate line pressure sensation level among patients with hypertension.A quasi data-based pretest post-test design was utilize to conduct this study at PHC Alangium and 50 patients with hypertension were selected through non probability convenience sampling technique. Among 50, 25 patients were assigned to observational mathematical root and 25 were assigned to control concourse. A structured interview schedule was used to collect general information and Digital demarcation pressure monitor was used to check the pretest and post test blood pressure level. The patients of experimental group were given 10 gm of garlic cloves once a day for 21 days. Post test for both the group was done on 22th day.The service line data was tabulated by formulating frequency table. The blood pressure level was assessed using descri ptive statistics. The comparison of pre and post test and the effectiveness of garlic gloves was evaluated by illative statistics testMajor Findings Of The StudyMajority of patients in experimental group 9(36%) were 56-60 years and in control group 9(36%) were 51-55 years.Majority of patients in experimental group 19(76%) and control group 15(60%) of patients were females.Majority of patients in experimental group 17(68%) and control group 11(44%) of patients were formal education.Majority of patients in experimental group 24(96%) and control group 21(84%) of patients were Hindu.Majority of patients in experimental group 17(68%) and control group 13(52%) of patients were sedentary workers.Majority of patients in experimental group 11(44%) and control group 9(36%) of patients were had1-3 years length of illness.Majority of patients in experimental group 14(56%) and control group 15(60%) of patients were had hospitalization.Majority of patients in experimental group 22(88%) and cont rol group 19(76%) of patients were had treatment.Majority of patients in experimental group 24(96%) and control group 24(96%) of patients were non-vegetarianMajority of patients in experimental group 24(96%) and control group 19 (76%) of patients were not doing regular exercise.Majority of patients in experimental group 24(96%) and control group 23(92%) of patients practiced recreational activities.Majority of patients in experimental group 23(92%) and control group 18(72%) of patients were watching TV.Majority of patients in experimental group 16(64%) and control group 13(52%) of patients were had no family history of hypertension.There was a significant difference found (PConclusionThis study was to evaluate the effectiveness of garlic cloves on reducing the blood pressure among patients with hypertension in selected rural area at Alangium. The result showed that the garlic cloves is effective in reducing blood pressure levels among patients with hypertension.ImplicationsThe findi ngs of the study have the following implications in the various areas of care for service nursing education, nursing administration and nursing research.Nursing serviceThe nurses should capture sensitivity to the effect of garlic cloves in reducing blood pressure level.The nurse should understand the importance of garlic cloves as an appurtenance to pharmacological therapy in nursing practice.The nurse should teach the benefits of garlic cloves in reducing blood pressure level among hypertensive patients.The nurse should provide adequate exposure to settings where adjunct treatment is used for direction of blood pressure level.Nursing staff can take specialized training in adjunct treatment to delay complications of Hypertension.Nursing educationThe medical surgical and advanced clinical oriented curriculum imparted to nursing students should emphasize more on garlic cloves on blood pressure.The nurse educator should involve the concept of alternative and complementary therapy in nursing profession.The nurse educator should provide exposure to alternative and complementary therapy to march on the students to expand their career in that field.The nursing curriculum should emphasize on adjunct therapy along with pharmacological management of diseases.The nurse should encourage the students to educate their patients regarding adjunct treatment during their clinical exposure.Staff nurse must be encouraged to actively participate in in-service education and workshop regarding the importance of complementary therapy on hypertension.Nursing AdministrationThe administrator should collaborate with governing bodies in formulating policies to employ qualified nurses in medical units and periodically supervise their application of garlic cloves. hold dear administrator should arrange for public awareness programme regarding cost effective means of preventing hypertensionAdministrator should initiate health education in community by utilizing the staff preparing th rough adequate training and encouragement in adjunct therapy.The administrator should organize in-service education programme in adjuvant therapy for the nursing personalNurse should organize formal training programme in alternative system of medicine.Administrator should appoint separate complementary therapist to go through the nursing personnel regarding adjuvant therapyNursing researchThe researcher should encourage for further research on use of garlic cloves on blood pressureResearcher should concentrate on non-pharmacologic interventions to reduce the blood pressure levelDisseminate the findings through conferences seminar and publications in professional, national and international journalsMore researches can be done to establish effectiveness of garlic cloves throughout the world.As per the study a nursing care guide can be developed for coming(prenominal) references.RecommendationsSimilar studies can be done with the large groupSimilar study can be done with the hyperlip idemia patientComparative study can be done on the effectiveness of garlic and hypertensive patients without taking anti-hypertensive agents.Comparative studies can be done with pharmacological and non pharmacological management of hypertensionSummaryThis chapter dealt with summary, conclusion, implications for nursing practice and recommendation.

Morality and Destiny in Othello Essay -- Othello essays

Morality and Destiny in Othello They are questions as old as civilization itself. Does man have control over his own destiny? Is man ultimately held accountable for his actions by a higher power? inside the plays of William Shakespeare can be found such fundamental questions and conflicts of humanity, as well as situations, attitudes, and problems that continue to hold strong universal meaning to this day. During his lifetime, morality was at the forefront of societys concerns. Outstanding men such as Newton, Copernicus, Bacon, and Locke were leading great advances in science and reason, and these new ways of thinking, combined with the need for order and ghostlike stability provided the perfect foundation for the development of the morality-based style of writing which is especially evident in his powerful tragedies. ..........Shakespeares tragic heroes and villains have flaws which are synonymous with Christian sins. Greed, lust, envy, and jealousy are consistently among the i ssues that arise with these characters. The idea that improper dealings with such evil emotions must surely lead to a terrible pot is consistently demonstrated. Sylvan Barnet notes that after creating this world of certain consequences the author adds a special twist to his tragedy for it insists that the good are rewarded and the bad are penalise (227). In William Shakespeares classic tragedy, Othello, the playwright emphasizes the belief in mans inability to control his own destiny because of the actions of rivals, the emotional conflict within himself, and the moral guidance of the universe. ..........From the intrusion of this tragic play, conflict begins to brew in the soul of the title characters ensign, Iago. ... ...use of the actions of rivals, the emotional conflict within himself, and the moral guidance of the universe. Introduction I......Iago plants the seeds of hate. .......A..... Iago plots against Othello. ......B......Others are affected by Iagos web of revenge. ......C......Coincidence and opportunities for deceit arise. II.....Emotional conflict brews within the minds of the characters. ......A......Othello struggles with trust and honor. ......B......Iago is a product of his own insecurities. ......C......Roderigo, Emelia, and Cassio fight their emotions. III....In a triumph of morality, Gods justice prevails. .......A.....Desdemona dies an innocent death, and Othello commits suicide. .......B......Cassios honor is reinstated. .......C. ....Iago declares his ease and realizes his punishment. Conclusion

Essay example --

Our world is growing Growing in population that is, provided the resources are staying the same. To help with the growing of the population that will be happening in the 21st century, science and agriculture need to work hand-in-hand. They need to can together to make a break through together, to insure that everyone will have food on their plate. We need to work to have larger yields with the grunge we have. Some hatful vocalize that humans need to change their diet, and others say that we should destroy hundreds of acres of wild land. According to Feed Nine Billion website, people feel that the only way things will be improving, is if everyone becomes a vegetarian. But others disagree. The people who think that this is the only way do have a straightforward point. Grains and vegetables do produce so much faster than animal labor. Then again, you cant just assume that everyone will follow, and turn to becoming a vegetarian. Besides think of each the farmers that would be out of a job These farmers could have been family business, just like a dairy farm that is located remote of our town. R&D dairy farm has been handed down generation after generation. Funding has to become an essential in todays corporation for this new advance in technology that will be needed. We arent only having problems worrying about feeding the next generation we should be relate now. Did you enjoy, that in the last 11 years, six of those years the population has consumed more than what was produced? The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website, just this year the cereal production has gone up eight percent. Imagine what will be expected in the 21st century. People are demanding more food now, than they ever have.Scientists say that far... ...t too expensive for the farmers. The second step is that broader awareness is required. According to Sarah Alexander, different farmers trust different sources, such as vendors, crop consultants, and university extension services. Farmers are difference to need to be open minded to new things, in order to feed the human race. The last step is farmers need the right incentives. Farmers want to know about the good that they are doing. Farmers want to know how they are saving the environment, and how they are producing more food, and feeding more people than they were before.If we all work together, feeding the nine will be possible, and even likely. Farmers need to know how much they are needed, for this process and know that new ways of kitchen-gardening will help in the long run. People dont have to change their diets so everyone can be fed. Together, we can feed the world.