Neuropathology Of Downs Syndrome Essay -- Medical Disease Health Essa

Neuropathology Of graduates Syndrome heaps syndrome is the most commonly identified flummox of mental retardation occurring in 1 out of 700 live births. In addition to mental deficiency, characteristics of the disease embarrass epi coffin nailthic folds of the eyes, flattened facial features, unusual thenar creases, short stature, open mouth, jut tongue and poor posture. A twenty-two to fifty fold increase in risk of the development of leukemia along with ingrained heart defects in twoscore percent of these individuals is also seen. The increased level of purines often found can lead to mental retardation itself. Neurological disability and immune system deficiencies shit these individuals more susceptible to infection. Also noted are increased risk for cataract development and vision impairment due to defects in the lenses of the eyes. Evidence for the disease can be found as far back as the nineteenth century with many theories for the etiology of the disease. Early hypot heses include links to endocrine secreter malfunction, tuberculosis, syphilis and uterine exhaustion. The idea of uterine exhaustion was based on the observation that many children with Downs Syndrome (DS) tended to be the eventually born members of large families. This was subsequent accounted for as mere coincidence. The first formal reference to the anomaly came in 1866 in England by a physician at the Earlewood Asylum noting the distinct corporeal characteristics of this group of individuals. In the 1930s, Adrian Bleyer hypothesized that the condition was caused by a failure of the chromosomes to separate but could provide no proof for this since an absolute human chromosome count had not yet been obtained by anyone. The correct number of 46 chromosomes was obtained in Sw... ...rebrain Cholinergic and Pontine Catecholaminergic Nuclei in the promontory of Trisomy 16 Mouse, an Animal simulation of Downs Syndrome. soul Res. Devop. Brain Res.50(2), 251-264. LeMay, M. and N. Alvarez (1990) The Relationship Between Enlargements of the Temporal Horns of the Lateral Ventricles and Dementia in Aging Patients with Downs Syndrome. Neuroradiology 32 (2), 104-107. Patterson, D. (1987) The Causes of Down Syndrome. Scientific American 255 (8), 52-60. Pearlson, G. D., et. al. (1990) Brain Atrophy in 18 Patients with Down Syndrome a CT study. AJNR 265, 811-816. Plioplys, A. (1987) Downs Syndrome Precocious Neurofilament Antigen Expression. J. Neuroscien. 79, 91-100. Sacks, B. and S. Smith (1989) People with Downs Syndrome Can be Distinguished on the Basis of Cholinergic Dysfunction. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 52(11), 1294-1295. Neuropathology Of Downs Syndrome Essay -- Medical Disease Health EssaNeuropathology Of Downs Syndrome Downs syndrome is the most commonly identified cause of mental retardation occurring in 1 out of 700 live births. In addition to mental deficiency, characteristics of the disease include epicanthic folds of the eyes, flattened facial features, unusual palm creases, short stature, open mouth, protruding tongue and poor posture. A twenty-two to fifty fold increase in risk of the development of leukemia along with congenital heart defects in forty percent of these individuals is also seen. The increased level of purines often found can lead to mental retardation itself. Neurological impairment and immune system deficiencies make these individuals more susceptible to infection. Also noted are increased risk for cataract development and vision impairment due to defects in the lenses of the eyes. Evidence for the disease can be found as far back as the nineteenth century with many theories for the etiology of the disease. Early hypotheses include links to endocrine gland malfunction, tuberculosis, syphilis and uterine exhaustion. The idea of uterine exhaustion was based on the observation that many children with Downs Syndrome (DS) tended to be the last born members of large families. This was later a ccounted for as mere coincidence. The first formal reference to the anomaly came in 1866 in England by a physician at the Earlewood Asylum noting the distinct physical characteristics of this group of individuals. In the 1930s, Adrian Bleyer hypothesized that the condition was caused by a failure of the chromosomes to separate but could provide no proof for this since an accurate human chromosome count had not yet been obtained by anyone. The correct number of 46 chromosomes was obtained in Sw... ...rebrain Cholinergic and Pontine Catecholaminergic Nuclei in the Brain of Trisomy 16 Mouse, an Animal Model of Downs Syndrome. Brain Res. Devop. Brain Res.50(2), 251-264. LeMay, M. and N. Alvarez (1990) The Relationship Between Enlargements of the Temporal Horns of the Lateral Ventricles and Dementia in Aging Patients with Downs Syndrome. Neuroradiology 32 (2), 104-107. Patterson, D. (1987) The Causes of Down Syndrome. Scientific American 255 (8), 52-60. Pearlson, G. D., et. al. (1990) B rain Atrophy in 18 Patients with Down Syndrome a CT study. AJNR 265, 811-816. Plioplys, A. (1987) Downs Syndrome Precocious Neurofilament Antigen Expression. J. Neuroscien. 79, 91-100. Sacks, B. and S. Smith (1989) People with Downs Syndrome Can be Distinguished on the Basis of Cholinergic Dysfunction. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 52(11), 1294-1295.